Building Consensus with Business on Climate

The Financial Post and the Fraser Institute are unusual sources of encouragement for people who are very concerned about the climate emergency. In Episode 106 of the Down to Business podcast, Nobel-prize winning economist William Nordhaus, is cited as one expert who thinks that Canada is showing the world how carbon pricing should be done.

Attention to Climate now is cheaper than later

This week on Down to Business, Yale economist William Nordhaus discusses the economics of climate change.

In 2018, Nordhaus won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his work integrating long run models of climate change with macroeconomic analysis. (Friedman, 2021)

In his new book, The Spirit of Green, Nordhaus examines what markets can and cannot address when it comes to climate change, and other issues, including the pandemics. He also talked about Canada’s carbon tax and what the costs and rewards of stopping climate change are.

In a discussion that ranges from the history of the environmental movement to the Green New Deal, Nordhaus explains how the spirit of green thinking provides a compelling and hopeful new perspective on modern life. At the heart of green thinking is a recognition that the globalized world is shaped not by isolated individuals but rather by innumerable interactions inside and outside the economy. He shows how rethinking economic efficiency, sustainability, politics, profits, taxes, individual ethics, corporate social responsibility, finance, and more would improve the effectiveness and equity of our society. And he offers specific solutions—on how to price carbon, how to pursue low-carbon technologies, how to design an efficient tax system, and how to foster international cooperation through climate clubs.

The result is a groundbreaking new vision of how we can have our environment and our economy too. (Nordhaus, n.d.)

An article on the web site of the Fraser Institute features a commentary by Kenneth P. Green

Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute, that expresses a desire for more empirical measurements in our analysis of trends in climate change.

Rarely, if ever, do we see much discussion of empirical measurements of climate change; global average temperature and sea level are rare exceptions. But empirical measurements of climate policy impacts, empirical measurements of changes that might, or might not, validate modeled projections of such climate changes, or empirical measurement of meteorological (weather) changes are scarce to non-existent in most media. (Green, n.d.)

The path to effective mitigation and adaptation of the effects of rising global average temperature and increasing sea level requires working on the common ground between environmental activism and strategic economic planning. Some of that common ground appears to be in carbon tax systems and empirical measurement of change in crucial parameters.

References

Friedman, G. (2021, June 16). Canada is showing the world how carbon pricing should be done: Nobel-prize winning economist William Nordhaus. Financial Post. Retrieved June 30, 2023, from https://financialpost.com/commodities/energy/renewables/canada-is-showing-the-world-how-carbon-pricing-should-be-done-nobel-prize-winning-economist-william-nordhaus 

Green, K. P. (n.d.). Models or Measures of Climate Change: Why Does It Matter? Fraser Institute. Retrieved July 2, 2023, from https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/ 

Nordhaus, W. D. (n.d.). The Spirit of Green. Princeton University Press. Retrieved July 2, 2023, from https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691214344/the-spirit-of-green 

Head Butting Climate Emergency

Recent public pronouncements from the Premier of Nova Scotia, Tim Houston, concerning policy to reduce GHG emissions, mitigate the effect of sea level rise on the Chignecto isthmus, and a proposed energy link connecting the Atlantic provinces to hydroelectricity from Quebec and Labrador seem to prioritize political head butting over necessary and urgent joint federal/provincial action to save money and provide mitigation of climate disaster. 

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Essential Component for the 21st Century

NDP Leader Claudia Chender comments that  the Houston government didn’t do the work on behalf of Nova Scotians to come up with a carbon pricing option other than the pending tax.

“When the deadline came and went for the Houston government to present their own price on carbon and plan for how to get there and they failed to do that, this is the outcome of the government choosing partisan fights over constructive conversations," Chender said. (Campbell, 2023)

Keith Doucette of The Canadian Press comments that Houston seemed unmoved when asked whether the Isthmus of Chignecto risked being damaged by extreme weather while governments haggled over who will pay to protect it.

"We're not the ones risking it, the federal government is the one that's trying to get away from their responsibility," the premier said. (Doucette, 2023)

Sarah Smellie of the Canadian Press  reports that Premier Tim Houston says he’s lost confidence in the feasibility of a proposed energy link connecting the Atlantic provinces to hydroelectricity from Quebec and Labrador.

 

Federal Infrastructure Minister Dominic LeBlanc has previously said he hoped the Atlantic Loop could come online by 2030, but today, Houston signaled some concern without a firm financial commitment from the feds. (Smellie, 2023)

Seth Klein, in the National Observer, asks where are the campaigns urging us to switch to public transit? Where are the promo ads inviting young people to train as renewable electricity technicians and installers, building retrofitters, high-speed rail designers, community planners or electric vehicle manufacturers?

First, the good news: In the wake of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports and extreme weather events, we are witnessing a shift in the public opinion terrain. Canadians are increasingly anxious about climate change. They understand it to be an emergency and a major threat to their children and grandchildren. And importantly, a solid majority of Canadians are prepared to accept significant and bold policy responses.*

The bad news? Many Canadians are confused and ambivalent. They could be convinced to embrace speedy and transformative action, or not. A sizable chunk of the public is simply unsure of how ambitious we can be. Moreover, people’s prioritization of climate wanes when economic anxieties and affordability challenges are heightened. And so, we need leadership that seeks to link these issues and animate the ambition in us all. (Klein & Logan, 2023)

It is difficult to find a policy championed by the conservative provincial governments or the Conservative Party of Canada that defines action necessary now to mitigate the impact of GHG emissions and lays out a plan to adapt to a low carbon economy.

References

Campbell, F. (2023, June 16). Premier acknowledges carbon tax will punish Nova Scotians at the pumps, places full blame on Ottawa. SaltWire. Retrieved June 16, 2023, from https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/premier-acknowledges-carbon-tax-will-punish-nova-scotians-at-the-pumps-places-full-blame-on-ottawa-100865039/ 

Doucette, K. (2023, June 15). N.S. premier says Ottawa must pay entire bill to protect land link from flooding risk. CBC. Retrieved June 16, 2023, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/n-s-premier-ottawa-must-pay-protect-isthmus-from-flooding-risk-1.6877811 

Klein, S., & Logan, C. (2023, February 23). Crisis, what crisis? We need a climate emergency information agency. National Observer. Retrieved June 16, 2023, from https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/02/23/opinion/crisis-what-crisis-we-need-climate-emergency-information-agency 

Smellie, S. (2023, June 16). Nova Scotia, Ottawa butt heads over Atlantic Loop as feds look for summer agreement | Globalnews.ca. Global News. Retrieved June 16, 2023, from https://globalnews.ca/news/9774122/nova-scotia-ottawa-butt-heads-over-atlantic-loop/ 

Opportunity or Imperative to Change

Cloe Logan, writing for the National Observer, analyses a new report assessing climate risks across Nova Scotia from the provincial Department of Environment and Climate Change, entitled, Weathering What’s Ahead: Climate Change Risk and Nova Scotia’s Well-being. 

Will Balser, coastal adaptation co-ordinator at Ecology Action Centre in Halifax, notes that there are some important risks acknowledged in the report. He stresses the important next step of seeing how the province plans to address those risks.

Timothy Halman, minister of environment and climate change, said the report shows the vulnerability of the area, setting the groundwork for action. “Together, we have an opportunity to make positive change and work to protect each other and all that we value,"

Will Balser said the minister’s sentiment should go further. “I see it as if he's talking about an opportunity to make a positive gain. Rather, I see it as more of an imperative to change, rather than just an opportunity,” he said. (Logan & Ottenhof, 2022)

Opportunity or Imperative

The report identifies top climate concerns for Nova Scotia.

Top Climate Concerns NS

The province’s climate plan, expected on Dec 7 2022, needs to clarify the already stated objectives:

Clarify Objectives

The province needs to

The report notes that “using oil, coal, and natural gas to heat homes, generate electricity, and fuel vehicles” contributes to climate change and will worsen climate impacts. As of now, over half of the electricity generation in Nova Scotia comes from coal. (Logan & Ottenhof, 2022)

Electricity needs in Canada

The Department of Environment and Climate Change has produced this report as a resource for all levels of government to set priorities, business to alter practices and plans, and people to use in conversations that will direct our collaboration with the measures necessary to weather what is ahead.

References

Logan, C., & Ottenhof, L. (2022, December 5). Sea levels in Nova Scotia set to rise by a metre this century. National Observer. Retrieved December 6, 2022, from https://www.nationalobserver.com/2022/12/05/news/sea-levels-nova-scotia-rise-metre-century 

Four priorities for COP25 and out of work Calgarians

President Hilda Heine said the Pacific nation of the Marshall Islands had been fighting rising tides even before last week's disaster when powerful swells averaging 5m (16ft) washed across the capital of the Marshall Islands, Majuro.

Sea level rise in Nova Scotia

Political leaders and climate diplomats are meeting in Madrid for two weeks of talks amid a growing sense of crisis. The world's average surface temperature is rising rapidly because human activities release greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2). These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, a bit like the glass roof of a greenhouse.
At the meeting, Ms Heine commented: "Water covers much of our land at one or other point of the year as we fight rising tides. As we speak hundreds of people have evacuated their homes after large waves caused the ocean to inundate parts of our capital in Majuro last week."
She added: "It's a fight to the death for anyone not prepared to flee. As a nation we refuse to flee. But we also refuse to die."1

Yamide Dagnet Yamide Dagnet, David Waskow, Christina Chan, Joe Thwaites, Kelly Levin and Nathan Cogswell report on the priorities at COP25 that will provide some hope for situations like that in the Marshall Islands. The world must continue to build momentum ahead of 2020 so that all countries offer more ambitious national climate commitments next year. Spain and Chile have demonstrated a “can-do” approach to the climate challenge that should inspire the world and shape what is accomplished at COP25.

 Here are four key tasks for countries at COP25:
1. Step up ambition.

COP25 will be a moment to highlight those who are clearly ready to enhance their commitments and shine a spotlight on what’s needed from others next year.

2. Make progress on outstanding rules. Parties will also discuss the scope and amount of proceeds from carbon trading that will be set aside to assist vulnerable developing countries to help them adapt to a changing climate. Agreeing to weak or bad rules to meet an artificial deadline could do more damage in undermining climate ambition than delaying the rules another year.

3. Assess Loss and Damage. Parties will no doubt pay particular attention to how the WIM has, over the past six years, enhanced action and support for averting, reducing and addressing loss and damage associated with the impacts of climate change — and what can be done to strengthen this particular function of the WIM, (Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage) including through the possible establishment of a taskforce on loss and damage finance.

4. Advance finance and capacity-building. Developing countries — particularly those most vulnerable to climate change — cannot step up climate action without financial support from developed ones. So far, 28 countries have confirmed $9.7 billion in pledges to the Green Climate Fund’s replenishment; 12 of those countries have at least doubled their contributions compared to 2014. This is a positive step, but many more countries should contribute, including Australia, the United States and wealthy oil-producing states.2

Climate Analytics is a non-profit climate science and policy institute based in Berlin, Germany, with offices in New York, USA, Lomé, Togo and Perth, Australia, which brings together interdisciplinary expertise in the scientific and policy aspects of climate change. Climate Analytics aims to synthesise and advance scientific knowledge in the area of climate, and by linking scientific and policy analysis provide state-of-the-art solutions to global and national climate change policy challenges. There is no single, agreed framework on what is a fair contribution to global efforts. Assessing what is fair depends on the viewpoint and interests of governments.

Each category puts an emphasis on one particular aspect of effort-sharing and can therefore result in (very) different outcomes from the other categories:
Responsibility: emissions reductions below a reference are determined by the level of a country’s historical emissions. This was first proposed by Brazil in the Kyoto Protocol negotiations (UNFCCC, 1997)

Capability/Need: emissions reductions below a reference are determined by a country’s level of economic capability, often measured by GDP/capita or the Human Development Index.

Equality: emissions per capita converge to, or immediately reach, the same level for all countries, e.g. (Chakravarty et al., 2009; GCI, 2005)

Equal cumulative per capita emissions: emissions need to be reduced so that cumulative emissions per capita reach the same level, e.g. (Pan, Teng, & Wang, 2013; WBGU, 2009)

Responsibility/capability/need: a range of studies have explicitly used responsibility and capability as the basis for distributing emissions reductions e.g. (Paul Baer, Athanasiou, Kartha, & Kemp-Benedict, 2009; Winkler, Jayaraman, et al., 2011)

Capability/cost: a range of studies use equal costs or welfare loss per GDP as a basis. This is essentially a combination of mitigation potential and capability.

Staged: a suite of studies have proposed or have analysed approaches where countries take differentiated commitments in various stages. Categorisation to a stage and the respective commitments are determined by indicators using many equity principles, e.g.(Michel G J den Elzen & Meinshausen, 2005; Höhne, Gardiner, Gilbert, Hagemann, & Moltmann, 2008).3

Many consider it fair that those who have made a bigger contribution to the problem - or have a higher capability to act - do more.

Framework on what is a fair contribution

Others argue that purely economic metrics should be applied with emission reductions made where they are cheapest.

Canada needs more contribution

The CBC reports that more than 130 people — many of whom were former oil and gas workers — attended a full-day conference organized by the GoldMind Project focused on how to enter the renewable energy industry. Oil and gas engineer Bryan Hnatiuk, who was laid off five years ago, was one of them. "I just don't know where the opportunities are, and that's why I'm here today," he said. Solas Energy Consulting managing director Paula McGarrigle made the jump from oil and gas to renewables two decades ago, first helping Suncor, then Shell transition to some green projects.

McGarrigle said renewables are a smaller sector than oil and gas, and highly competitive. But also, for those looking to leave oil and gas, the skills are highly transferrable."It still has land acquisition, commercial contracts, stakeholder consultations … all of those key developments are the same," she said.The biggest difference, she said, is that the industry is leaner and has a quicker turnaround — so workers often find themselves working on multiple solar or wind projects across multiple jurisdictions.If you're looking for work in Alberta, you're not alone — so here's some helpAlison Pulvernacher, GoldMind's vice president and one of the cofounders, said the organization was started as oil and gas workers were contending with whether or not the industry would rebound after the downturn a few years ago [4]

Canadian technical expertise developed in the oil and gas industries may be an excellent way for this country to assist developing countries and large emitting countries in taking action to reduce GHG emissions and engineer mitigation projects where damage is already occurring.

References

1	(2019, December 2). Climate change: COP25 island nation in 'fight to death' - BBC .... Retrieved December 2, 2019, from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50614518
2	(2019, November 25). 4 Priorities for the COP25 Climate Conference in Madrid .... Retrieved December 2, 2019, from https://www.wri.org/blog/2019/11/cop25-climate-conference-priorities
3	(n.d.). Comparability of effort | Climate Action Tracker. Retrieved December 2, 2019, from https://climateactiontracker.org/methodology/comparability-of-effort/
4	(2019, November 28). Conference offers advice to help out-of-work Calgarians .... Retrieved December 2, 2019, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/goldmind-project-conference-1.5376315

Our 1.6 percent and Canada warming

One of our challenges in Canada is that we are in a large group of countries that contribute almost 16% of global emissions and our country, in the North is warming at twice the rate of other countries…

CO2 and Global Temperature


Jackie Hong reports that the Canadian North is feeling the impacts of climate change more acutely than the rest of the country, with a portion of the Yukon seeing one of the largest temperature increases nationwide, according to a newly-released federal report on climate change.

Entitled Canada’s Changing Climate Report, the eight-chapter document, released April 1, is essentially a summary of decades of data showing how Canada’s climate has changed as well as explanations of what’s causing the changes and their impacts… It’s the first of several to be released as part of a larger project led by Natural Resources Canada called Canada in a Changing Climate: Advancing our Knowledge for Action… Canada, overall, is warming twice as fast as the rest of the world on average, according to Canada’s Changing Climate Report, with the country’s average annual temperature having risen 1.7 C between 1948 and 2016. However, the North has been warming faster than the south, with the territories seeing a 2.3 C increase — three times the global average — during that time frame… “Historical warming has led to changes in rain and snow, rivers and lakes, ice, and coastal zones, and these changes are challenging our sense of what a ‘normal’ climate is,” the report concludes.1

Our west is suffering from a longer and more intense wildfire season, in the east (and Winnipeg and Calgary), concern mounts with the increasing severity and frequency of floods, the sea level rise is eroding our coasts at an increased rate, and some species of fish are abandoning our waters where the ocean reefs deal with higher temperatures and acidity, even as hurricanes are more frequent and powerful…

Sea level rise

Matt McGrath of the BBC writes that researchers say the biggest and most damaging hurricanes are now three times more frequent than they were 100 years ago.


The new study says the increase in damage caused by these big cyclones is linked by global warming… The authors found that the frequency of the most damaging hurricanes had increased by a rate of 330% per century. And they believe that is mainly due to rising temperatures.

"Our data reveal an emergent positive trend in damage which we attribute to a detectable change in extreme storms due to global warming," they write.
The scientists involved believe their new method is solid and gives a more accurate picture of what is happening with the worst storms.
"The new method of looking at the frequencies is really robust," said Aslak Grinsted, from the University of Copenhagen, who carried out the study.
"The increase in frequency is not only in my own dataset but is also present in other datasets, so it is extremely robust, and I think that will help it become more accepted."
The study has been published in the journal PNAS.2

The climate emergency impacts our country more that our 1.6 % should... Per capita Canada emits GHG in the top ten of industrialized nations…


Climate Transparency says Canada, South Korea and Australia are the farthest from meeting targets to cut emissions in line with their Paris Agreement commitments, but those commitments are nowhere close to enough, the report says.

Canada, South Korea and Australia are the farthest from meeting targets to cut emissions in line with their Paris Agreement commitments, but those commitments are nowhere close to enough, the report says. Canada's per-capita emissions, the greenhouse gases it releases divided by the number of people who live here, are the second-highest in the G20, behind only Australia ..The report applauded Canada for introducing a national price on carbon earlier this year, and for implementing tougher environmental reviews for major projects like pipelines and mines. But it slammed the Liberal government for approving the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion a second time in June, just days after Parliament voted in favour of a Liberal motion declaring a climate emergency.
The report says Canada is among global leaders in getting rid of coal power but is a laggard on a number of fronts, including energy use and emissions from cars and buildings..3

We need other countries to decide to meet IPCC targets so that we don't suffer consequences "above our 1.6% weight". I think we need to strive to meet or exceed our IPCC targets if we can have any credibility in convincing the other countries to follow suit. Our well educated and trained population is likely to be a resource to the rest of the world in the necessary mitigation and transition work on the whole planet…

Work for the planet

We certainly can "punch above our weight" in providing solutions to the world... It is necessary NOW to exceed other countries in our 16% group in GHG emission reduction. Canada is too rich a country to sit on the sidelines while less developed countries suffer. It is the Canadian way to do all we can when people are in trouble!

References

1	(2019, April 5). Climate change affecting northern Canada faster than rest of .... Retrieved November 11, 2019, from https://www.yukon-news.com/news/climate-change-affecting-northern-canada-faster-than-rest-of-the-country-report-says/
2	(2019, November 11). Climate change: Bigger hurricanes are now more damaging .... Retrieved November 11, 2019, from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50380431
3	(2019, November 11). Canada among G20 countries least likely to hit emissions .... Retrieved November 11, 2019, from https://windsor.ctvnews.ca/canada-among-g20-countries-least-likely-to-hit-emissions-targets-report-card-1.4680509

Western Canadian jobs more secure than eastern jobs in climate emergency

The tension between those who support aggressive GHG emission reductions and those who favour gradual phase out while Canada continues to emit GHG in the oil and gas industry may point to an underlying concern for jobs.

Keeping jobs in the fishery

CBC interviewed Boris Worm, a professor of marine biology at Halifax's Dalhousie University, contributed science that was assessed in the new report of the IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate that emphasized the ocean is warmer, more acidic and less productive.

When Stuart Beaton started fishing for lobster in 1971, the ocean waters off the northern coast of Nova Scotia and the marine creatures that lived beneath the waves behaved differently than today.
There is now less ice coverage in the spring, new species have arrived and lobsters are flocking to more northern waters amid rising ocean temperatures. His family, with three generations of lobster fishermen, have watched the changes in real time over half a century.
"In our business, we're very exposed to what happens. If two degrees kills the oceans..." said his son, Gordon Beaton, during an interview on a wharf in Ballantynes Cove, N.S., before his father added: "We're going to be the first to know."1

The Guardian offers a report on the climate crisis explained in 10 charts. The level of CO2 has been rising since the industrial revolution and is now at its highest for about 4 million years. The rate of the rise is even more striking – the fastest for 66m years – with scientists saying we are in “uncharted territory”.

Increasing GHG

Greenland has lost almost 4 trillion tonnes of ice since 2002. Mountain ranges from the Himalayas to the Andes to the Alps are also losing ice rapidly as glaciers shrink. A third of the Himalayan and Hindu Kush ice is already doomed.

Greenland ice disappearing

Sea levels are inexorably rising as ice on land melts and hotter oceans expand. Sea levels are slow to respond to global heating, so even if the temperature rise is restricted to 2C, one in five people in the world will eventually see their cities submerged, from New York to London to Shanghai. As heating melts the sea ice, the darker water revealed absorbs more of the sun’s heat, causing more heating – one example of the vicious circles in the climate system.

Mariners see sea level rise

Scientists think the changes in the Arctic may be responsible for worsened heatwaves and floods in Eurasia and North America.2

Arctic Sea Ice shrinking

The CBC reports on the attitude of some oil industry executives to the climate strikers. Gary Mar, CEO of the Petroleum Services Association of Canada and a former Alberta Progressive Conservative environment minister, said some of his three grown children have taken part in environmental protests before and he supports their right to do so.

He said if one of his children wanted to skip school to attend the strike Friday he would "be OK with that."
However, he said it's unrealistic for the climate change strikers to demand the immediate end of oil and gas production.
"We're not opposed to the environment," Mar said of the energy industry.3

The concern on the Atlantic and in the West about jobs may be connected to the problem of which workers are well trained to transition to energy jobs and which are going to have a more difficult training for the jobs of the future. The National Post reports that new research says job growth from clean energy will dramatically outpace that from fossil fuels over the next decade — as long as future Canadian governments maintain or increase attempts to fight climate change. "The clean-energy sector is a good-news story that no one's talking about," said Merran Smith of Clean Energy Canada, a think tank based at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia. "There is nothing to fear about moving forward on climate action."

Smith said the data shows clean energy employment could reach nearly 560,000 by the end of the next decade. That's 160,000 new jobs, more than enough to make up for the 50,000 jobs which fossil fuels are expected to shed.
The study also forecasts money flowing into clean energy will grow 2.9 per cent a year. Fossil fuel investment is expected to shrink.4

Perhaps the strategy has changed since April when the United Conservative Party notes Jason Kenney said that many other changes proposed by the UCP would also help kickstart the industry, especially the Job Creation Tax Cut, carbon tax elimination, the Red Tape Reduction Action Plan, and the Open for Business Act.

“However,” he concluded, “to get Alberta back to work, and to create jobs in our energy sector, it is necessary for Alberta to move from a defensive, passive, and apologetic approach to a strong, assertive, and strategic defence of our economy, our workers, and our way of life. And with a United Conservative Party government in office, that is what we will do – get pipelines built, fight back against foreign-funded special interests and stand up for a fair deal in Canada.”5 

Choices and important questions

The campaign to Vote Energy highlights the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) promotion of an Energy Platform for Canada to define a strategic, long-term vision for oil and natural gas growth. That policy includes:

• Support completion of currently proposed major pipeline projects and actively support development of additional projects.• Supply Canada’s domestic oil and natural gas needs with domestic production, in particular by facilitating transportationof oil and natural gas from Western Canada to markets in Central and Atlantic Canada.• Increase the participation of Indigenous communities and businesses in Canada’s oil and natural gas sector.• Double current investment in the sector within four years, to return to or surpass 2014 investment levels.• Grow Canada’s contribution to global oil and natural gas supply.+ Canada becomes the world’s fourth-largest oil producer, surpassing Iraq and China.+ Canada becomes the world’s third-largest natural gas producer, surpassing Iran and Qatar6

The continuation of the emission of GHG, in Canada, and worldwide, will cause the oceans to become warmer and more acidic.

Sea level rise in Nova Scotia

Decline of the fishery in Canada will impact the livelihood of many people who are less prepared to retrain for energy jobs than those men and women who already have energy work experience in the western petroleum industry.

References

1	(2019, September 25). Fishermen feel effects of climate change as world ... - CBC.ca. Retrieved October 6, 2019, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/un-climate-change-report-nova-scotia-lobster-fishery-1.5296635
2	(2019, September 19). The climate crisis explained in 10 charts | Environment | The .... Retrieved October 3, 2019, from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/20/the-climate-crisis-explained-in-10-charts
3	(2019, September 27). Climate strikers naive but have right to protest, say ... - CBC.ca. Retrieved October 6, 2019, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/climate-strike-protest-energy-petroleum-oil-global-1.5301009
4	(2019, October 3). 'Job intensive:' Study says clean energy fast track to .... Retrieved October 6, 2019, from https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/job-intensive-study-says-clean-energy-fast-track-to-employment-growth
5	(2019, April 2). UCP Launches Plan to Bring Oil and Gas Jobs Back to Alberta .... Retrieved October 6, 2019, from https://www.albertastrongandfree.ca/ucp-launches-plan-to-bring-oil-and-gas-jobs-back-to-alberta/
6	(n.d.). Vote Energy. Retrieved October 7, 2019, from https://www.voteenergy.ca/